当前位置:首页 » 人物图片 » 六十年代的帅哥美女
扩展阅读
美女健身跳河视频 2023-08-31 22:08:21
西方贵族美女照片真人 2023-08-31 22:08:15

六十年代的帅哥美女

发布时间: 2022-06-11 07:48:55

‘壹’ 六十年代的帅哥美女叫什么名字

兄弟,你这个问题问的太那个了吧?60年代的帅哥美女有多少你知道吗?不要说整个全世界了,就整个中国有多少,我觉得掐指得来算了。所以不太好说嘞

‘贰’ 霍达是哪族人 信封什么教 奉什么为真神拜托各位帅哥美女们啦

伊斯兰教
你是不是看了她的《穆斯林的葬礼》了?

霍达,女,生于1945年11月26日,回族,北京人。中国电影编剧,国家一级作家。她的家庭是个珠玉世家,自幼酷爱文学艺术,读书偏爱太史公的春秋笔法。成年后曾师从史学家马非百先生研究中国历史,尤攻秦史。六十年代曾就读于解放军艺术学院、北京建筑工程学院,1966年毕业于北京建筑工程学院。大专毕业后,长期在四机部、北京市园林局、文物局从事外文情报翻译工作,同时坚持业余写作,青年时代开始发表作品。

1976年后任北京电视制片厂编剧,1981年调北京电视艺术中心任一级编剧,开始从事专业文艺创作,同年为中国少数民族作家学会副会长,第七届全国政协委员,其作品数量较多,选材和样式也较广泛。

你是不是看了她的《穆斯林的葬礼》了?

‘叁’ 11岁出道拍戏,因出演反派被骂多年,海一天如今怎样了

关于明星艺人而言,没有人能够确保本人处于长盛不衰的状态,也没人会不断停留低谷彷徨不前。既然选择这条充溢未知的道路,就应该学会以一颗平常心看待,不为名利折腰不为角色泄气。低潮时不埋怨不放弃,胜利后不傲慢不张扬,这样的演员配得上一切的荣誉。众所周知,以前的演员凭作品演技,如今的艺人靠卖萌耍宝。或许这样会迎合观众的一时之需,但是青春饭总会有吃完的一天,岁月早晚会洗濯掉那些流量艺人,精深的演技才是最终生存的规律。一个个有理想有志向的演员,总会在时机到来时蓄势待发,在功成名就后不疾不徐。用演技降服观众,用角色为本人代言,一直坚持一颗演戏的初心,这样才真正对得起本人的职业。

人生就是一本书,每个人都有着不同的开头,也会有着不同的结局,谁也不可以猜想这中间会发作什么样的故事,谁也不会料到呈现什么样的状况。最为一个11岁就出道的人,海一天是没有没有大红大紫,但是他也用角色证明了本人,将本人的荧幕形象贡献给了大家。这也是最好的,每个人都有着本人的道路,他人的道路或许可以通向胜利,但是一直不是本人的,只要本人走出来的路才是最精彩的。谁的曾经都是默默无闻的,他们不时的积聚工作的经历,也是在等候着一个展示本人的时机,只要阅历过低谷,才干够愈加繁华。

‘肆’ Neil Young的详细资料 急求 越详越好

Neil Young http://www.neil-young.com/

Neil Young,出生于1945年11月12日的加拿大多伦多。他最早的战斗历史要追溯到五十年代中期的Squires,一支半职业化的乐队。1963年他随Squires乐队一起出现在加拿大民谣乐坛而开始了他的演唱生涯。1964年,他定居纽约,加入Mynah Birds乐队。不久后,因对Mynah Birds成绩感到不满,他和乐队贝司手Bruce Palmer共同前往洛杉矶寻求发展。在洛杉矶,他俩和Stephen Stills成立了被称为当时美国最好的Buffalo Springfield乐队。并取得成功。但乐队的成功导致了一系列危机开始让Neil Young感到厌烦,他于1968年4月退出乐队。
Neil Young是唯一可以和Bob Dylan相提并论的民摇艺人,从六十年代末一直到今天,Neil Young从未停止过对摇滚乐的探索,从早期的rockabilly、布鲁斯一直到硬摇滚。但是他最喜爱的还是民摇、乡摇。Neil Young大量的作品影响了几代人,甚至一些丝毫没有创作能力的grunge乐队都乐于自称源于他的影响。在Neil Young进入演绎生涯第四个十年后的今天,他依然保持着旺盛的创作能力。
Neil Young的音乐观念核心始终是强烈的独立意识。他近乎心甘情愿地否认期望、潮流以及所谓的趣味。他是个摇滚英雄,但绝不会向名誉和地位低头。他的歌曲个性鲜明或带有浓烈的政治气息。他为自己民谣摇滚和歌手兼词曲作者身份而感到自豪,同时又摒弃他们,不断超越着自己。然而他绝不是传统意义上的折衷主义者。他尽可能地以音乐形式的发展作为自己创作的唯一目的,而不是简单的尝试,这个过程至今仍在持续中。Neil Young什么时候追求什么样的音乐风格从来都是都是无关紧要的。任何音乐都会因为他独特气质的介入而立刻身价倍增,任何一个有他参与的乐队都会成名——Buffalo Springfield、Crazy Horse、Crosby,Stills,Nash And Young。

Neil Young

风 格:Album Rock(专辑摇滚) Country-Rock(乡村摇滚) Folk-Rock(民谣摇滚) Hard Rock(硬摇滚) Singer/Songwriter(演唱者/歌曲作者)

介 绍:

一支锈迹斑斑的老枪,一把哀怨苍凉的口琴,一位在世的Grurge“教父”,这就是我们心目中的Neil Young。少有端坐的Neil Young,一脸沉思相,冷酷的墨镜和夹克,似乎很难和他舞台上疯狂拨动吉它的形象相连。不过,这也许正是Neil Young在根源与激进、民谣和朋克之间自如来去的缘由吧!

Neil Young既非流落街头的英国老“崩克”,也不像热爱田园的美国乡村大叔,他是位地地道道的多伦多人,加拿大才是他的祖国,虽然他的摇滚生涯是在U. S.A开始。自杀的Kurt Con在绝笔书上遗下这么几句歌词:It's better to burn out than tofade away. 这正出自Neil Young那首绝唱“Hey,Hey,My,My(Into the Black)”。每次唱这首歌时,人们会特别注意到Neil Young吉它带上佩着的Jimi Hendrix的襟章,也会记住这首歌两个不同的的面貌:热情倾诉的Acoustic版和粗重、阴沉的电吉它版,它代表了Neil Young真挚动人的别样情怀。

回顾Neil Young四十年的音乐旅程,倒是很有一番感触的。五十年代的草创、六十年代的狂飙、七十年代的光荣、八十年代的迷途和九十年代的回归,他个人的这条发展曲线也多多少少浓缩了时势的演进。四十年代来,Neil Young像个辛勤的园丁一样不停滴汗苦作, 但直到Alternative“雄起”的时候他才被人们抬上了台面,冠之以各种美誉,而这对Neil Young只是无足轻重的安慰罢了,因为他根本就是个摇滚变色龙,怎么可能被这种陈词滥调定位呢?

Neil Young最早的战斗历史要追溯到五十年代中期的Squires, 一支半职业化的乐队。 少年轻狂的Neil Young从Rock N'Roll中发现了奇迹般的生命力,决心为之献身。那时他受Bob Dylan的民歌感染最深, 1964年的Mynad Birds才是一支以R&B为基础的摇滚乐队,不过坚持的光景却不长,固执的Neil Young又邀来三五好友,成立了被称为当时美国最好的Buffalo Springfield, 狂热的崇拜者紧追不舍,毒品也慢慢渗透他们的生活,于是Neil Young又毅然抛弃短暂的热闹,悄悄独闯上路。1969年,他的第一张纯个人大碟在万众惊诧中面世了,他选择了完全与过去背叛的道路,这是一张极具多样和古典的唱片, 人们无法预测Neil Young的下一步会怎么样。 结果是,他又将一支名叫Rocket的乐队改头换面, 这就是后来追随他多年风雨同舟的Crazy Horse,Neil Young此后的音乐无论怎么变, Crazy Horse总会不时安分的出现。 从第一张 《EverybodyKnows This Is Nowhere》开始,Neil Young凭Crazy Horse出众的乐器驾驭力,不断寻求新的突破。

70年代十分值得人们纪念,Neil Young在其中也留下了不灭的痕迹。Jimi Hendrix、Janis Joplin、The doors、Traffic、King Crimson都在那时候走出来,而Neil Young除了与Crazy Horse即兴合作外,还续写了一个Crosby、Still、Nash & Young的神话时代, 那也是一个不折不扣的民歌乐队。 不过令人难以置信的是, 直到1988年, NeilYoung才有机会与Stephen Stills、David Crosby、Graham Nash几位老队员聚在一起,灌录了他们的第一张录音室大碟。相反,Neil Young的个人选集倒是一张紧接一张。其中, 《After the Gold Rush》恰如标题预示的那样,正是Neil Young在金光下奋勇前冲的剪影, 和着悦耳动听的乡村和民谣旋律, 他轻松咂弄着忧伤。 多年以后, S. TEtienne和Everything But the Girl都相继翻唱了其中的作品,由此可见它多么的深入人心。《Harvest》也是他最为重要的一张作品,好多歌都流传至今,在“Alabama”中他唱道: “I come to you and see all this ruin,what are you doing Alabama?You got the rest of the union to help you along, what's going wrong? ”《Harves》的巨大胜利后,人们都等待Neil Young再炮制一张类似的专辑,但这次他们又跌得好痛。 Neil Young置轻车熟路的成功模式不顾, 重新召集了一批独特的乐手,《Tonight's the Night》 展示了他全新的风貌:黑暗、痛苦的氛围,远离主流的听觉冲击。原来拿着吉它唱民歌的Young也可以如此野性!1979年,深受Sex Pistols的影响,《Rust Never Sleeps》 充斥了粗糙、激烈的朋克乐风,他招牌式的“Hey,Hey,My,My”就出自那时。

八十年代,Neil Young一直在蜕变中沉浮、迷失,这其中他玩过很老式的50年代摇滚、乡村、布鲁斯,也跟过摩登的New Wave风尚。喜欢他的听众觉得Neil Young变了。不再是昔日眼中的英雄,而乐评界也有不少冷言冷语。Neil Young对此依然故我,并称绝不与扼杀创意的时代妥协。 不过, 到1989年, 他终于还是来了一次大的回归,《Freedom》帮他找到了自我与大众都能接受的结合点。

1990年, Neil Young与冷落多时的Crazy Horse复合,《Ragged Glory》重性的车库摇滚正迎合即将兴起的Grunge潮起,Neil Young顺势东山再起,并被后辈推为Grunge之父。 1992年, 他凭 《Harvest Moon》 重拾了 《Harvest》 当年的质朴情怀, 而《Mirror Ball》专辑中,他干脆便召来Grunge大牌乐队Pearl Jam为他伴奏,彻彻底底的Grunge了一回。其实,他只不过是将七十年代的把老枪擦亮后再重新拿出来用罢了!为电影《Dead Man Walking》 作完Ambient和实验色彩的配乐后,Neil Young今年与Crazy Horse继续携手, 推出了他第43张专辑《Broken Arrow》。这次,他侧重电吉它、Jazz和鼓的互Jam, 唱得较少, 而清淡的民谣味和浓重的摇滚声融合得如此赏心悦目。多首长达近十分钟的即兴曲目,也一再显示了他坚守七十年代摇滚的本色和实力。Neil Young一贯都有些抚慰人心的慢板感性作品,这次也不例外,“Music Arcude”空心吉它奏出的空灵味相信你我都意绪难平的。 他还再度演绎了Jimmy Reed 61年的经典作品“Buy what you want me to be” ,不过不再是猫王当年的那种“姣”音,即兴与蓝调味十足,就像坐在Pub中听歌一样。

对很多人来说,Neil Young的声音并不好听,很高亢甚至有些刺耳,而在我却是直入心灵的一枪。他的歌不乏社会写实,只不过更多的时候热情代替了愤怒,倾诉换取了控诉,但他这把不服老的摇滚老枪却永远火爆十足。

出生时间: 1945年

国 籍:加拿大

专 辑:

Are You Passionate?、Silver & Gold、Road Rock-Vol. 1、Lucky Thirteen、Year Of The Horse、Landing On Water、Mirror Ball、Unplugged等。

Neil Young

After Neil Young left the Californian folk-rock band Buffalo Springfield in 1968, he slowly established himself as one of the most influential and idiosyncratic singer-songwriters of his generation. Young's body of work ranks second only to Bob Dylan in terms of depth, and he was able to sustain his critical reputation, as well as record sales, for a longer period of time than Dylan, partially because of his willfully perverse work ethic. From the beginning of his solo career in the late '60s until the late '90s, he never stopped writing, recording and performing; his official catalog only represented a portion of his work, since he kept countless tapes of unreleased songs in his vaults. Just as importantly, Young continually explored new musical territory, from rockabilly and the blues to electronic music. But these stylistic exercises only gained depth when compared to his two primary styles -- gentle folk and country-rock, and crushingly loud electric guitar rock, which he frequently recorded with the Californian garage band Crazy Horse. Throughout his career, Young alternated between these two extremes, and both proved equally influential; there were just as many simpy singer-songwriters as there were grunge and country-rock bands claiming to be influenced by Neil Young. Despite his enormous catalog and influence, Young continued to move forward, writing new songs and exploring new music in his fourth decade as a performing artist. That restless spirit ensured that he was one of the few rock veterans as vital in his old age as he was in his youth.

Born in Toronto, Canada, Neil Young moved to Winnipeg with his mother following her divorce from his sports-journalist father. Young began playing music in high school. Not only did he play in garage-rock outfits like the Esquires, but he also played in local folk clubs and coffeehouses, where he eventually met Joni Mitchell and Stephen Stills. During the mid-'60s, he returned to Toronto, where he played as a solo folk act. By 1966, he joined the Mynah Birds, which also featured bassist Bruce Palmer and Rick James. The group recorded a couple of singles for Motown, which were ignored. Frustrated by his lack of success, Young moved to Los Angeles in his Pontiac hearse, taking Palmer along as support. Shortly after they arrived in L.A., they happened to meet Stills, and they formed Buffalo Springfield, who quickly became one of the leaders of the Californian folk-rock scene. Despite the success of Buffalo Springfield, the group was plagued with tension, and Young quit the band several times before finally leaving to become a solo artist in May of 1968. Hiring Elliot Roberts as his manager, Young signed with Reprise Records and released his eponymous debut album in early 1969. By the time the album was released, he had begun playing with a local band called the Rockets, which featured guitarist Danny Whitten, bassist Billy Talbot and drummer Ralph Molina. Young renamed the group Crazy Horse and had them support him on his second album, Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere, which was recorded in just two weeks. Featuring such Young staples as "Cinnamon Girl" and "Down By the River," the album went gold. Following the completion of the record, he began jamming with Crosby, Stills and Nash, eventually joining the group for their spring 1970 album, Deja Vu. Although he was now part of Crosby, Stills and Nash, Young continued to record as a solo artist, releasing After the Gold Rush at the end of the year. After the Gold Rush, with its accompanying single "Only Love Can Break Your Heart," established Young as a solo star, and fame only increased through his association with CSN&Y.

Although Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young were a very successful act, they were also volatile, and they had split by the spring 1971 release of the live Four Way Street. The following year, Young had his first number one album with the mellow country-rock of Harvest, which also featured his first (and only) number one single, "Heart of Gold." Instead of embracing his success, he spurned it, following it with the noisy, bleak live film Journey Through the Past. Both the movie and the soundtrack received terrible reviews, as did the live album Time Fades Away, a record recorded with the Stray Gators that was released in 1973.

Both Journey through the Past and Time Fades Away signaled that Young was entering a dark period in his life, but they only scratched the surface of his anguish. Inspired by the overdose deaths of Danny Whitten in 1972 and his roadie Bruce Berry the following year, Young wrote and recorded the bleak, druggy Tonight's the Night late in 1973, but declined to release it at the time. Instead, he released On the Beach, which was nearly as harrowing, in 1974; Tonight's the Night finally appeared in the spring of 1975. By the time of its release, Young had recovered, as indicated by the record's hard-rocking follow-up Zuma, an album recorded with Crazy Horse and released later that year.

Young's focus began to wander in 1976, as he recorded the et album Long May You Run with Stephen Stills and then abandoned his partner midway through the supporting tour. The following year he recorded the country-rock-oriented American Stars 'N Bars, which featured vocals by Nicolette Larson, who was also prominent on 1978's Comes a Time. Prior to the release of Comes a Time, Young scrapped the country-rock album Homegrown and assembled the triple-album retrospective Decade. At the end of 1978, he embarked on an arena tour called Rust Never Sleeps, which was designed as a showcase for new songs. Half of the concert featured Young solo, the other half featured him with Crazy Horse. That was the pattern that Rust Never Sleeps, released in the summer of 1979, followed. The record was hailed as a comeback, proving that Young was one of the few rock veterans who attacked punk rock head-on. That fall he released the double album Live Rust and the live movie Rust Never Sleeps.

Rust Never Sleeps had restored Young to his past glory, but he perversely decided to trash his goodwill in 1980 with Hawks & Doves, a collection of acoustic songs that bore the influence of conservative, right-wing politics. In 1981, Young released the heavy rock album Re*Ac*tor, which received poor reviews. Following its release, he left Reprise for the fledgling Geffen Records, where he was promised lots of money and artistic freedom. Young decided to push his Geffen contract to the limit, releasing the electronic Trans, where his voice was recorded through a computerized vocoder, later that year. The album and its accompanying, technology-dependent tour were received with bewildered, negative reviews. The rockabilly of Everybody's Rockin' (1983) was equally scorned, and Young soon settled into a cult audience for the mid-'80s.

Over the course of the mid-'80s, Young released three albums that were all stylistic exercises. In 1985, he released the straight country Old Ways, which was followed by the new wave-tinged Landing on Water the following year. He returned to Crazy Horse for 1987's Life, but by that time, he and Geffen had grown sick of each other, and he returned to Reprise in 1988. His first album for Reprise was the bluesy, horn-driven This Note's for You, which was supported by an acclaimed video that satirized rock stars endorsing commercial procts. At the end of the year, he recorded a reunion album with Crosby, Stills and Nash called American Dream, which was greeted with savagely negative reviews.

Ameican Dream didn't prepare any observer for the critical and commercial success of 1989's Freedom, which found Young following the half-acoustic/half-electric blueprint of Rust Never Sleeps to fine results. Around the time of its release, Young became a hip name to drop in indie rock circles, and he was the subject of a tribute record title The Bridge in 1989. The following year, Young reunited with Crazy Horse for Ragged Glory, a loud, feedback-drenched album that received his strongest reviews since the '70s. For the supporting tour, Young hired the avant-rock band Sonic Youth as his opening group, providing them with needed exposure while earning him hip credibility within alternative rock scenes. On the advice of Sonic Youth, Young added the noise collage EP Arc as a bonus to his 1991 live album, Weld.

Weld and the Sonic Youth tour helped position Neil Young as an alternative and grunge rock forefather, but he decided to abandon loud music for its 1992 followup, Harvest Moon. An explicit sequel to his 1972 breakthrough, Harvest Moon became Young's biggest hit in years, and he supported the record with an appearance on MTV Unplugged, which was released the following year as an album. Also in 1993, Geffen released the rarities collection Lucky Thirteen. The following year, he released Sleeps with Angels, which was hailed as a masterpiece in some quarters. Following its release, Young began jamming with Pearl Jam, eventually recording an album with the Seattle band in early 1995. The resulting record, Mirror Ball, was released to positive reviews in the summer of 1995, but it wasn't the commercial blockbuster it was expected to be; e to legal reasons, Pearl Jam's name was not allowed to be featured on the cover.

In the summer of 1996, he reunited with Crazy Horse for Broken Arrow and supported it with a brief tour. That tour was documented in Jim Jarmusch's 1997 film The Year of the Horse, which was accompanied by a double-disc live album. In 1999, Young reunited with Crosby, Stills and Nash for the first time in a decade, supporting their Looking Forward LP with the supergroup's first tour in a quarter century. A new solo effort, Silver and Gold, followed in the spring of 2000. In recognition of his 2000 summer tour, Young released the live album Road Rock - Vol. 1 the following fall, showcasing a spectacular two night account of Young's performance at the Red Rocks Amphitheater in Morrison, Colorado in September 2000. A DVD version titled Red Rocks Live was issued that December, including 12 tracks initially unavailable on Road Rock -- Vol. 1. --Stephen Thomas Erlewine

‘伍’ 除了赌王和梁安琪 还有哪些老夫少妻的名人 年轻时都是帅哥美女的

除了赌王和你聊天期之外的话还有哪些老夫少妻的,我在这里谢谢梦华和他的女朋友,这是非常非常的有名吧,谢谢,以前是帅哥的话长的这么多美女不带坏美女,其他的我觉得是名人的话,我觉得是是那个我们国家的那个科学家跟那个。82岁的科学家第28岁的一个美女结婚的那个最有名那个现在是几年过去了,对教育94岁的科学家给个。

‘陆’ 哪个朝代的美女帅哥最多

虽然说古代的美人都很出名,但是
以一个现代人的眼光来看的话就不怎么样了!
SO帅哥美女最多的时代是——现代!

‘柒’ 所有90后的帅哥美女明星的名字和资料,要全哦!

要这个有什么用,还不如买包酸奶晚上喝呢,还能补钙。

‘捌’ 文学系的帅哥美女来瞧~

杂文是散文的一个分支,是议论文的一个变体,兼有议论和抒情两种特性,通常篇幅短小,形式多样,写作者惯常用各种修辞手法曲折传达自己的见解和情感,语言灵动,婉而多讽,是言禁未开之社会较为流行的一种文体。

杂文概念的种种界定及归属

杂文的概念及其归属众说纷纭,大致分为以下几种:

1、属于文学中的散文类。这类分法占绝大多数。如

(1)《文学概论自学辅导》(第135页)[1]把文学作品分为小说、诗、散文、戏剧四类,则明确把杂文归到散文。摘录如下:

“杂文:文艺性的论文,属于散文的一种,以抒情与政论相结合,不拘一格,迅速反映生活事变和人们思想感情为特点,熔逻辑力量与战斗激情于一体,把精辟论述寓于形象之中。以短小、精悍、明快、锋利见长,具有深刻的思想性、尖锐的战斗性和充分的艺术说服力。在中国文学史上,历代许多具有进步思想内容和艺术价值的古文,多是着名的杂文作品。在现代,由于以鲁迅为代表的革命作家的提倡和实践,杂文成为揭露敌人、打击敌人的极为犀利的投枪和匕首,也是批评人民内部不良倾向的武器。杂文主要用于讽刺和暴露,亦可用来赞颂新思想、新品格、新风貌。”

(2)《20世纪中国杂文史》[2](第5页):

“杂文是以议论和批评为主的杂体文学散文;杂文以广泛的社会批评和文明批评为主要内容,一般以假恶丑的揭露和批判来肯定和赞美真善美;杂文格式笔法丰富多样,短小灵活,艺术上要求议论和批评的理趣性、抒情性和形象性,有较鲜明的讽刺和幽默的喜剧色彩。”

(3)《新华词典·2001年修订版》[3]:

“杂文,散文的一种,是以议论为主,夹以叙事、抒情的文艺性论文。以短小精悍、明快锋利见长,样式较多,如随笔、杂感、杂谈、笔记等。”

(4)《辞海》[4]:

“杂文,散文的一种,是随感式的杂体文章。一般以短小活泼、犀利为其特点。内容无所不包,格式丰富多样,有杂感、杂谈、短评、随笔、札记等。中国自战国以来诸子百家的着述中多有这类文章。“五四”以后,经鲁迅等人努力,成为一种直接而迅速地反映社会现实生活或表现作者思想观点的文艺性论文,它以思想性、论战性见长;艺术上言辞机警、行文情感饱满,常借助形象比喻来议论人或事,有强烈的震撼力。”

(5)《现代汉语词典》和《现代汉语词典·2002年增补本》[5]:

“杂文,现代散文的一种,不拘泥于某一种形式,偏重议论,也可以叙事。”

2、属于文学类,但不属于散文。如:

(1)《中国杂文史》[6](第8页):

“杂文,是和小说、戏剧、诗歌、散文一起登入文学大雅之堂的一种文学样式。可以说是一种边缘文学。”

(2)刘锡庆《艺术散文:当代散文走向的审美规范》[7]:

“报告文学、史传文学和杂文、随笔,应从散文‘母体’中分离出去,‘自立门户’予以独立。新的‘文学分类’可采用十分法:诗歌;小说;戏剧文学;影视文学;报告文学;史传文学;杂文、随笔;艺术散文;民族、民间文学;儿童文学。”

(3)着名杂文编辑兼评论家刘成信的《杂文是什么》[8]:“简言之,(杂文)具有艺术性的短篇批判、讽剌文学作品,但又不是小说、散文。”

3、属于“交叉型”文学体裁。

(1)《文学概论》[9]把杂文和报告文学都归于“交叉”型文学,亦称“边缘”型文学体裁,即具有文学属性,又具有非文学属性。(见P86、P87)
“杂文是一种既有政论的性质,又有文学的特点的‘交叉’型文学样式。”

4、属于“文艺性议论文”

(1)《现代汉语规范词典》[10]对“杂文”定义如下:

“杂文,以议论为主,夹以叙事、抒情的文艺性议论文,特点是能迅速反映社会问题,生动活泼、富于战斗性。”

对杂文概念的种种界定,虽在内容上众说纷纭,各有侧重,但有关杂文的归属方面,大部分人都一致认为杂文归类于文学体裁,几乎所有人都认为杂文具有文艺性或文学性!导致教育领域也是把这一观点灌输给学生,导致全社会都接受这一杂文概念而产生许多错误认识与混乱发生。

杂文的本质特征

杂文主要是通过“说理”来表达作者的思想观点的,亦即通过“说理”达到社会批判、文明批判、政治批判的目的。作者就某一(类)事物、或思想观点意识形态、或某人物言行、或某类客观存在(如社会制度、政治秩序等)进行剖析,阐明自己的爱、憎、赞同、反对、评价等观点看法,并解释这种观点看法的原因和后果。“说理”是杂文的目标和过程。

以下我们来分析一下杂文是如何“说理”的

(1)杂文的常用说理方法

① 演绎法:即用作者的思想观点(当然必要时还要解释观点的来源、理由等)去评判、分析事件、某人物的言行、思想意识形态、及存在的各种体制秩序等,从而得出某一独特的观点与看法。

例如:徐怀谦《盛世下的沉思》[17],作者用这样一个标准(“真正的盛世不仅仅有经济发达、民生殷实这样的经济指标,而且应有一个人文指标,即是否允许每个公民能葆有自己的个性,允许他们发出自己的声音。”)去衡量历史称为盛世的时代(文景之治、贞观之治、开元盛世、康乾盛世),因而得出除了唐代外,其它时代都不能称为盛世,特别推论出:对于今天的“盛世”更应借鉴这一观点。同样的还有束学山《“要是国家背叛了她的人民呢”》[18]等。

② 层推法:由所发生、所存在的事件生发开来,提出疑问,首先作了较浅的、表面的、大多数人认为的答案,随后又对这个答案产生疑问或质疑,于是再作进一步深入的剖析,这样引导读者深入到问题的根源和实质。如层层剥笋壳一样,最后把核心昭示读者。
例如:章明《由赵薇谈到我国历史教科书》[19],首先借群众对赵薇(穿日本军旗)的道歉(“自己很不了解那段历史”)的怀疑:电影学院的大学生对侵华和抗日战争一无所知吗?然后经分析作了肯定的回答,为何如此呢?终于归结到我们中学的历史教科书重点不是如实记载日寇的侵略暴行和我国军民的英勇抵抗,而是着重论证国内两党派谁积极谁消极,谁打得多谁打得少,这样当然难以使孩子收到理应收到的教育效果。同样的还有刘兴雨《岳飞死因探微》[20]等。

③ 归纳法:通过对某一类多个事件或同一事件的多个方面进行分析,找出其共同的原因或结果,得出一个新的观点,

例如:胡彬《悲剧的根源》[21],对“11·24”大舜号船烟台海难的全过程的各个方面(如:媒体报道、路过的商船、海事局收到求救后的行动、救援行动、事后处理等)分别进行揭露剖析,昭示给世人一个共同的特点:漠视生命、冷酷、麻木!于是作者得出这样一个结论:280个生命是被遍布社会的麻木、冷酷、病态机制所葬送的,因而作者找到了悲剧的根源。同样,张雨生《腐败与体制》(在国企改革中:卖、资产重组、产权改革、股份化、抓大放小、盘活国有资产等等每一种改革,都有一个特点:以严重的资产流失作代价)[22]

④ 对比法:望文生意,也即是通过两者(或多者)的比较,发现它们的差异,然后对这种差异及成因进行分析评议。有以外国同本国的比较;新的材料学说与旧的材料学说比较;相似的问题,不同的处理方式的比较等等。

例如:张心阳《美国人的英雄观》[23],以美国人那种人性化的英雄观,审视并批判了国人长期以来的那种献身的、壮烈的、无我的、英雄观。
又如:冯伟《拿破仑如是说》[24],王得后《“伤人乎不问马”》[25]

以上的方法,在杂文创作中常是两种或多种综合使用的,这些方法是杂文创作中较常见的方法。不可置疑,杂文亦存在其它一些特殊的说理方法:例如:用一些蕴含了特别的“理”的特别形象来说理(下文提到)等等。

(2)一些杂文中的形象分析

杂文有没有形象呢?有一些杂文是有形象的,但杂文中的形象主要是为“说理”服务的,以增强生动、活泼、幽默等风格,是为增强说服力服务的。

① 借形象。

一些杂文的“形象”是借助于已有的文学形象或历史人物形象甚至动物等形象来进行说理的,如:《未庄一民致戴安娜王储妃》[26],以鲁迅曾塑造过的小说人物——阿Q,写信给英国王妃,表现两国不同的官民关系。又如张峰《黑猫纵鼠》[27],借猫、鼠之形象实讽当今我们社会的现状。

② 一般是较概括、较粗略、不完整、不太细致的形象。

也就是说,不可能与文学作品中的形象相提并论。例如李昌平《孙志刚替我而死》[28],里面有一段作者目睹一次北京警察街头拦人、查证、捉无证民工上车的过程描写,用了不足300字,所以,与其说是描写,不如说是简明的目击记录或新闻报道更恰当。对于文学来说,这算不上成功的形象塑造、情节描写,然而对于杂文来说,却是普遍得很。

杂文是为了说理而进行形象塑造的。杂文一般篇幅较小,而且要说明道理,完成社会批判、文明批判、政治批判的目的,因此不可能进行细致的人物外貌、对话、动作、心理等描写去塑造人物形象,也不可能设计各种矛盾冲突、波澜起伏的情节,也很难去进行环境描写、意境的营造等。所以,一般地,杂文中的形象一般是较概括、较粗略的。

③ 用一些蕴含了特别的“理”的特别形象来说理。

有没有不用说理,只用形象来写的杂文呢?答:有!这类杂文必须有一个条件,就是这个形象所蕴含的道理是众所周知的,不需要去说的,也就是说观点不但没有了创新,而且隐藏于形象之中,极其“曲笔”。一般地,这类杂文成功的例子仍不太多。

如:王大海《白头宫女说玄宗》[29],作者因看了一篇一个女文工团员写的回忆录《和中央首长跳舞的日子》后,(她在50年代末60年代初调到首都执行“重大政治任务”——陪中央首长跳舞,过着精神和物质都很丰富的生活)产生联想:联想延安王实味因抨击抗战艰苦岁月里的夜夜笙歌、舞回金莲步,因而被枪决;联想在她个人“精神和物质都很丰富”的时代,遍地饿殍数以百万计;联想唐诗:寥落古行宫,宫花寂莫红,白头宫女在,闲坐说玄宗……文章就象电影中的一个个画面呈现出来。它作为杂文的最大成功在于敢于展现独具震憾力的“画面”(形象),并运用这些“画面”所蕴含的深刻又被世人所理解的思想武器,矛头直刺五、六十年代的中央首长(很多现在还活着),揭露首长官员的腐败以及“朱门酒肉臭,路有冻死骨”的强烈阶级反差,使文章有了极其尖锐的力度。不可否认这是一篇不可多得的用特殊形象来说理的成功杂文。

(3)造成一些杂文干巴巴的真正原因

有人批评:“有些说理杂文干巴巴,原因在于作品缺乏文学性(即形象性)。”是耶?非耶?其实造成杂文干巴巴有两个原因:一是没有深刻的思想以及理论基础。二是没有掌握好说理的规律和技巧(包括逻辑论理能力和运用“形象”说理的技巧)。相反,很多作品注重了文学性,却通篇在写小说讲故事,却无法把道理阐明深刻,淡化了批判的力度。例如刘征的《妙语录音》、《庄周买水》[30]就有这种倾向。

(4)杂文亦不全属于政论语体或议论文体

① 政论语体的概念及其特点[31]:

书面语体分成: 事务语体、科技语体、政论语体、文艺语体。

政论语体又叫宣传鼓动语体,它通过对社会政治生活领域的各种问题的论述,向群众进行宣传和动员。政论语体包括社论、时评、宣言、短评等。
政论语体的特点:

a、由于在阐述各种问题时要求具体的分析、系统的论述、严谨的论证、诉诸读者的理性思维,所以它必须有很强的逻辑性。

b、为了达到宣传鼓动的目的,往往要使用形象生动或幽默讽刺的言语表达形式,比喻、排比、用典、反问、反语、对偶等修辞手法常被采用。

c、在词语选用上,除大量书面语词外,间或也运用一些生动的口语词、古语词。大量使用政治术语和专业术语。

② 议论文的概念及其特点[32]:

凡发挥自己的主张,批评别人的意见,以及辩论事物之利害得失、使人承认为目的的文字,称为议论文。议论文是在陈述辩驳意见,提出自己主张,使读者信服。

议论文的结构要求严整,立论、证明、结论三部分明确,论点、论据、论证过程缺一不可。

③ 有些杂文不符合政论语体和议论文的概念及其特点

从现时大量的杂文来看,应该说,大部分的杂文是符合政论语体和议论文的性质特点的,是属于政论语体或议论文体;但仍有部分的杂文不符合政论语体和议论文的性质特点的,不属于政论语体或议论文体。
例如:
以会议纪要形式:陈巧林《禁白酒研讨会纪要》(1996年第5期《杂文选刊》)
以问答形式:魏明伦《小鬼补白》(1997年第7期《杂文选刊》)
以荒诞故事形式:曾颖《死神的账单》(2001年第7期《杂文选刊》)
以故事新编形式:张峰《铁杵磨针新传》(2004年第9期《杂文选刊》上)
以改写报道的形式:朱健国《改写叶乔波》(1998年第1期《杂文选刊》)
以书信形式:贾平凹《辞宴书》(1998年第4期《杂文选刊》)
以对偶对仗形式:苏中杰《新编〈声律启蒙〉》(2000年第2期《杂文选刊》)
以拟人童话形式:四毛《一张百元钞的一生》(1999年第8期《杂文选刊》)
以手册条文形式:陈章《新编〈干部手册〉》(2000年第5期《杂文选刊》)
以小学生造句作业形式:叶大春《但是歌》(2000年第10期《杂文选刊》)
以年谱并加注形式:黄一龙《评注“成克杰年谱”大纲》(2001年第2期《杂文选刊》)
以哲理名言形式:王大海《思想的落叶》(2001年第4期《杂文选刊》)
以医院诊断报告形式:苏中杰《患者吴良知先生的就诊报告》(2001年第7期《杂文选刊》)
以新闻稿形式:张心阳《替跟班儿记者写篇稿》(2002年第1期《杂文选刊》)
以日记形式:燕赵客《乐和日记》(2004年第9期《杂文选刊》上)
以说明文中简介的形式:牟丕志《人科动物简介》(2004年第9期《杂文选刊》上)
以文学小论文的形式:李方《假如梁山泊没受招安》(2003年第2期《杂文选刊》)
以及前面提到的王大海的《白头宫女说玄宗》,通篇都没有一句议论,只有一幅幅画面。
…………
够了!足以看到杂文的形式特点已超出政论语体或议论文体形式特点的范围,连手册、年谱、医院诊断报告等形式都可被杂文采用了,并且不一定都具备严密的逻辑性。

由此可见,认为杂文属于政论语体或议论文体的说法是不全面的并难以立得稳脚的。
所以,杂文也不属于政论语体或议论文体。总之,杂文就是“杂”,根本不能归到某一类文体中,只能归于文章类。

(5)现今杂文与历史上的讽谏、谏诤有着本质上的区别

虽然现今杂文与历史上的讽谏、谏诤有些方面有相似之处,但历史上的讽谏、谏诤是在封建等级制度下孕育的,体现的正是封建等级制度下“忠”、“义”文化。

而现今我们所言的杂文,是在现代民主、民本、人权以及权力必须接受约束、监督等的现代西方文化中产生和发展的。因此,我不同意吴兴人《中国杂文史》中认为的:杂文源自古代的诸子百家们的讽谏、谏诤学说,并一直发展到鲁迅集大成。我认为杂文应源自新文化运动时期鲁迅的杂文。它们是两种不同文化的体现,有着不同和功能和作用,这是它们本质的区别。

‘玖’ 提个问题 中国近代50年 最风华绝代的美女帅哥都有谁 各举五个 谢谢

美女 :林徽因 周旋(蝴蝶 上官云珠) 孙维世 陆小曼(唐婉) 章含之
帅哥:毛泽东 徐志摩 汪精卫 周恩来 张学良(张灵甫)

‘拾’ 六十年代出生的韩国美女演员有那些

20世纪60年代尹静姬、文姬、南贞妊一同被称为韩国影坛三大美女