Ⅰ 男子手工把蛋壳雕成迷你鸟笼,“蛋雕”是门什么手艺
在生活中我们其实可以看到那些废物也可以进行利用,将他们做出很多让人意想不到的东西。重庆一市民陈策他有一双巧手,他能够在蛋壳上雕刻出很好的一幅画卷,让人们为之惊叹。在上面不仅栩栩如生,而且充满着诗情画意。很多人都觉得他能够将废物进行利用,很耐心地将蛋壳进行雕刻,也是很不容易的一件事情。
因为吃过鸡蛋的人都知道上面弹壳非常的脆弱,如果一不小心就会将其碰碎,而陈策却能够在蛋壳上进行雕刻,而且栩栩如生地让大家都觉得叹为观止。从他正在雕刻的视频中可以看见,他的手很稳,在运用刻刀的时候十分的小心,记忆也是很精湛的。陈策对大家说平时的时候在雕刻的时候都需要创造一个十分安静的环境,才能保证自己在雕刻的时候不让蛋壳受到损坏。
一开始他也遇到了很多的困难,因为鸡蛋可是很脆弱的,在刻刀进行雕刻的时候,难免不会把它破坏。经过反复的试练,陈策终于找到了一个适合自己的手法,能够在这个蛋壳上面留下1/4的厚度,但是不会让这些弹壳进行破碎。很多行家的眼里陈策的这一手法也是很精湛的,之后还被邀请到了北京天坛的文化交流会上进行展出,他们看到陈策的这些作品之后也给予了很高的评价。有的时候陈策为了雕刻蛋壳都忘记了时间,经过反复的雕刻,终于得到一个十分美丽的雕刻作品。
Ⅱ 可以玩的手工游戏怎么做
手工DIY复活兔保龄球玩具的制作图解当中用到:废纸箱、包装纸、彩纸、胶水、记号笔、皮球。将废纸箱用于复活节的儿童玩具制造,这个有趣的环保手工艺应用,如果你感兴趣,可以跟着51费宝下面的具体做法,一步步自己做出来。1、在纸板箱的正面用笔画一个半圆,用剪刀将这个半圆切掉。这是兔子张开的嘴巴,也是保龄球的入口门洞。
2、如果纸箱本身比较难看或者脏,你可以直接用包装纸给它大概包一下。然后,用彩纸剪出兔子的耳朵和面部五官,直接用胶水粘在纸箱上。
最后,用黑色的记号笔往鼻子两侧,画出细细的胡子。3、将这个做好的兔子纸箱靠墙放好,然后用一个比门洞略小的皮球作为保龄球,就可以比赛看看谁能在最远的距离里准确地将小球推送进去兔子里面了。
Ⅲ 复活节彩蛋的最贵彩蛋
2014年4月9日,英国一名神秘收藏家展出世界上最昂贵的复活节蛋,其壳上镶有1000多颗钻石,价值500万英镑(约合人民币5207万元)。
这个昂贵的“幻影蛋”用18克拉黄金手工制成,蛋壳上的1000多颗钻石价值超过150万英镑(约合人民币1562万元),其中100颗经过特别切割。
打开“幻影蛋”蛋壳后,可以看到里面装饰华丽的迷你地球仪。将地球仪顶端提起,里面是用无色水晶雕成的白鸽,栖息在黄金橄榄枝上,还有黄金手工雕刻的“世界和平”字样。这个“幻影蛋”是精英工匠历时3年方才打造完成的。
Ⅳ 复活节彩蛋的制作工艺
蛋壳工艺品的问世突破了复活蛋传统形式的限制,可以不再考虑“吃”的问题。近现代的欧洲,种类繁多的禽蛋蛋壳装饰手段层出不穷,蛋镶嵌艺术、蛋珐琅艺术、蛋裱贴技艺、蛋妆裹技艺、蛋蜡染技艺、蛋制景技艺和蛋机电应用技艺等相继产生,后来还发展出了蛋绣艺术。业内人士把采用上述装饰手段加工而成的蛋壳工艺品统称为“装饰蛋”。至此,复活蛋大家族中不仅有传统的染色蛋和蛋绘,还衍生出了色彩斑斓、形态各异的装饰蛋。
装饰性蛋艺的集大成者当首推蛋镶嵌艺术,为追求奢华,欧洲历史上皇家和贵族竞相以昂贵的金银珠宝为镶嵌物来加工复活蛋,以制作出外观更加精美的蛋壳工艺品。曾经出现过许多价值不菲的惊世之作,其中最着名的当属俄国着名金匠、工艺美术设计家卡尔·古斯塔沃维奇·法贝热(Karl Gustavovich Faberge,1846年~1920年)从1885至1916年先后为沙皇王室制作的五十余枚皇家复活蛋,至今仍有十枚收藏在克里姆林宫,大部分因社会动荡流散到了世界各地。2004年01月08日,美国富豪福布斯家族宣布将收藏的九枚沙皇皇家复活蛋在美国纽约索思比拍卖行拍卖。获悉消息后,俄罗斯石油巨头维克塞尔伯格立即投入了收复国宝的行动,用了不到一个月的时间,斥资5400万英镑买下了这九枚皇家复活蛋,一时间成了俄罗斯的民族英雄。蛋镶嵌艺术的美感表现力远远超越了传统的染蛋技艺和蛋绘艺术,也比其他装饰性蛋艺更侧重于禽蛋蛋壳附加值的体现,创造了蛋艺术的神话。
继蛋工艺食品和蛋壳工艺品之后,欧美各国还发展出了仿蛋工艺食品和仿蛋工艺品。
如前所述,早期的复活蛋都是蛋工艺食品,欧洲文艺复兴运动晚期产生了蛋壳工艺品。这样一来,复活蛋就分成了两种不同性质的东西。一种属于食品,而另一种则属于工艺品,他们的原材料均为禽蛋。但禽蛋有一个弱点,那就是煮熟了以后味道不够丰富,孩子们不是特别爱吃。于是,人们又发明了模仿禽蛋形状,使用巧克力、面粉等食用材料制作的仿蛋工艺食品。禽蛋还有一个弱点,那就是容易损坏。按照宗教习俗,复活节要举行“寻宝”活动,即把复活蛋藏起来让孩子们寻找,相信谁找到了复活蛋谁就会走好运,而寻找过程中禽蛋常常被打破。于是,人们又发明了模仿禽蛋形状,使用木材、皮革等非食用材料制作的仿蛋工艺品。
以上列举的蛋工艺食品、蛋壳工艺品、仿蛋工艺食品和仿蛋工艺品都保留了复活蛋的基本属性。它们互为存在,并没有因后者的出现而将前者替换掉,仅仅是起到了某种替代作用而已。
运用蛋壳工艺雕刻技术加工而成的蛋雕属于手工艺品的范畴,称之为“手工蛋雕”。现代产生的蛋镭射雕刻技术是指采用激光技术通过计算机数字控制系统对禽蛋蛋壳进行镂刻的工艺技术,运用这一工艺技术加工而成的蛋雕已经丧失了手工艺品的属性,通常被视为工业产品,称之为“电脑蛋雕”。电脑蛋雕也加入了复活蛋的行列,且数量呈逐年攀升之势。至此,复活蛋已经形成了由蛋染工艺食品、蛋绘工艺食品、蛋染工艺品、蛋绘工艺品、装饰蛋(包括镶嵌蛋、珐琅蛋、裱贴蛋、妆裹蛋、蜡染蛋、制景蛋、机电应用蛋和蛋绣)、仿蛋工艺食品(如“巧克力复活蛋”)和仿蛋工艺品(如“塑料复活蛋”)、蛋雕工艺品、镭射蛋雕工艺品等构成的一个庞大而复杂的蛋艺术品体系,其中既有禽蛋艺术品、也有仿蛋艺术品,既有蛋工艺食品、也有蛋壳工艺品,既有形形色色的彩蛋、也有各种各样的蛋雕等传统手工艺品、还有异军突起的工业产品——电脑蛋雕。
Ⅳ 自己手工制作巧克力的流程及注意事项。
步骤一,去买个可可粉来,
Ⅵ 大套小的玩具叫什么
大套小的玩具叫“”俄罗斯套娃”。
俄罗斯套娃一般由多个一样图案的空心木娃娃一个套一个组成,最多可达十多个,通常为圆柱形,底部平坦可以直立。颜色有红色,蓝色,绿色,紫色等。最普通的图案是一个穿着俄罗斯民族服装的姑娘,叫做“玛特罗什卡”,这也成为这种娃娃的通称。
俄罗斯套娃在1890年在俄罗斯出现,以前俄罗斯就有木制的套苹果和复活节彩蛋,复活节彩蛋是一个王冠,套着一只母鸡,母鸡套着一只蛋,蛋里面还套着一个蛋黄。
据说画家马留丁见到一套七福神的玩具,最外面是秃头的寿星,里面套着七个神像,他受到启发,设计了一套玩具,由匠人斯维朵什金刻制,他自己画的,是一个姑娘套着一个小伙子,再套一个姑娘等,最后是一个婴儿。
19世纪末,当时的工业技术已经有一定规模。因此套娃的制作工艺一开始就有一定的工业化成分。俄罗斯人擅长制作套嵌类木质品,如复活节彩蛋的能工巧匠们轻松自如地掌握了套娃的制作工艺。至今为止,套娃的制作原理没有变化,保留了俄罗斯能工巧匠们的车工艺术方案。
红色俄罗斯套娃:给人一种喜庆的感觉,热情鲜艳,是让人印象最深最显眼的色彩。红白相间的套娃,看起来非常可爱活泼。
套娃如何选购。
看价格。这个无须多言,手工制作的肯定要比机器批量生产的要贵。如果你担心自己不具备“慧眼”,那么到正规的商店购买,虽然可能要多花点钱,但至少买得踏实很多。
看工艺。纯手工上色的套娃,摸起来不够光滑,有凹凸感。而用机器喷色的套娃,则光滑很多。这就如同我们在木门上用刷子刷漆和用喷枪喷漆产生的差异一样。
看选材。套娃是用木材制作的,好的木材能够保证套娃经过多年之后依旧完好,而不至于开裂或者变形。在挑选时,要选择用整块木头制作的,而不应有裂痕或拼接的痕迹。
看底部。由名家制作的俄罗斯套娃,制作者都会在最外面的那个套娃底部标注出这套套娃的数量,并签上自己的名字。这是最最简单而有效的鉴别方法。
Ⅶ 食物南瓜怎么做手工
一年一度的Halloween又要来啦!万圣节已经变成一年中最流行和最受欢迎的节日之一,许多人都以极大的热情来庆祝这一节日。人们扮演成各种“妖魔鬼怪”毫无顾忌地在街上巡游,孩子们扮演成萌萌的“小鬼”,拎着南瓜灯笼挨家挨户喊着“Trick or Treat”——不给糖就捣蛋!实在是个全民撒欢的好节日呀!好吃、好看又好玩的南瓜当仁不让地成为了这个狂欢日的最佳主角,那么老师家长们还能在这小南瓜上做些什么文章呢?
小编为大家整理好多简单易学的南瓜手工小制作,快来带着可爱的宝宝们一起来试试吧!
手工南瓜
万圣节怎么能少的了南瓜灯呢,下面这些南瓜的玩法,你未必见过哦!快来带着孩子一起get吧!
1.传统南瓜灯
准备材料:南瓜(大小随意)、打印好图案的纸、牙签、尖头水果刀、专用儿童小刻刀(网上有售)、记号笔、透明胶、黑色纸、蜡烛、放蜡烛的小盘子。
制作方法:
1.首先选一颗貌美的南瓜(橘子也行),洗干净,擦去表面水渍。将要雕刻的图案打印在纸上准备好。
2.把南瓜上面一圈切下来做盖子,将南瓜肉挖出来,把内壁处理干净。
3.然后将图案剪裁好,用透明胶贴在南瓜合适的位置,用牙签沿着图案扎洞,扎透更利于雕刻,大概隔3毫米扎一下,当作雕刻的草图。
4.按照牙签草图小心翼翼的雕刻,要注意哪里和剩余的南瓜相连,不要一刀下去成一个大洞。先轮廓后细节,先中间后四周。完成后用刻刀在周围轻轻画出树枝等图案。
5.挖掉的部分尽量保持南瓜块的完整,用刻刀裁成城堡的样子,底部用牙签固定。
6.最后,在南瓜灯内部放蜡烛,蜡烛可以放小盘里再放到南瓜里面。把小块城堡固定在蜡烛前面,南瓜外面还可以贴上黑色纸剪裁的小蝙蝠。
橘子也可以用相似方法雕刻哦,最终南瓜灯效果如下图所示。
做南瓜灯也可以创意无限,搞笑的、恐怖的随你们创造。
2.粘土南瓜
准备材料:卡乐优超轻粘土,工具
制作方法:
1.捏一个椭圆形,用工具划出南瓜身上的痕迹,再做出眼睛鼻子嘴
2.用黑色填补做好的空洞
3.最后做上瓜蒂,复活节南瓜就做好了
3.气球南瓜
准备材料:气球、皱纹纸、白乳胶、刷子、毛线、马克笔等
制作方法:
皱纹纸抹上白色乳胶,贴在气球的底端,待胶水干后戳破气球,画上眼睛、鼻子、嘴,这款南瓜灯,给你带来了更多的创意乐趣吧?
4.毛线南瓜
准备材料:毛线、毛根
制作方法:将毛线沿着四指缠绕数圈,感觉厚度和大小差不多之后从中间打结,根部放进一根绿色的毛根折成南瓜蒂的形状!看起来不是很萌很可爱呢!很适合托小班孩子制作哦!
5.折纸南瓜
准备材料:一张橙色手工纸、一支黑笔。就是这么easy!
制作步骤:
1.将一张正方形的纸三次对折
2.得到一个八折的形状
3.沿着中线两边的第二条折痕,折出这个形状
4.对折,再翻一条边上去
5.四个角向内翻折
6.自己设计一个南瓜表情画上去
再给它填上个女巫帽或南瓜蒂
6.布南瓜
准备材料:橘色布匹、麻绳、棉花等。
1.方形布料包裹上棉花,用麻绳捆绑封口,然后勒出南瓜纹。
2.常见的橘色布料制作的南瓜,摆放在家里添色彩。
花式南瓜
除了传统的做南瓜灯,我们还可以用南瓜做手工、给南瓜涂鸦。
南瓜手工
准备材料:彩色纸、毛线、彩色笔、剪刀和胶带,我们给南瓜大变装!
简单的发型和可爱的表情让这三个扁南瓜生动起来,像极了儿子和女儿在老爸背上跳来跳去,选择叠南瓜时可以去掉南瓜茎,或者上面切出平面,中间插筷子固定。
家里有小宝宝可以做个pumpkin baby,选择小号的南瓜,和小宝宝可以拍照一定萌翻了。
画的表情不生动?你还可以试试拼贴,彩色的豆子、彩色纸、纽扣、糖果…一起来做南瓜一家人吧!
还可以用蔬菜来做手工哦,这对veggie heads看上去就很好吃,和爸爸一起比赛,看谁做的更像怎么样?
巧用南瓜茎做鼻子,女巫有木有?用黑色硬纸板做巫师帽,不同深浅的绿色彩带卷起来做头发,再用彩纸贴上眼睛和嘴。
南瓜动物园,充分发挥想象来建一个动物园吧,大象、猫和老鼠,省了早教手工课的钱。
还可以试试毛线缠绕,用钉子或牙签定位,再绕上不同颜色的线,反复尝试不停的图案也是乐趣无穷呢!
南瓜涂鸦
除了手工,宝宝们还会喜欢南瓜涂鸦,别在墙面、柜门和玻璃上捣乱了,万圣节我们一起在南瓜上画画怎么样?
用马克笔或者水彩笔来给南瓜画上不同的表情。
还可以把南瓜全身大涂色,画上吓人的图案,大眼睛、骷髅头。
可以不用太在意细节,眼睛和嘴直接涂黑,不仅省事还吓人。
彩色的南瓜,画上不同图案,也很好看哦!
试试把蜡笔屑粘在南瓜上,用电吹风吹融化,效果惊人哦!
拿丙烯顺着南瓜的纹路涂也会有差不多的效果,可以在南瓜最上面多倒些颜料,让它顺着纹路慢慢流下来,涂鸦嘛,就是要随意一点。
南瓜彩蛋也是不错的主意,把颜料挤到南瓜顶部就好,和复活节做彩蛋的步骤差不多。
把颜料换成荧光色的,做出的就是blingbling的夜光南瓜了,选择点、线和简单形状就能做出很好看的夜光南瓜。
用带闪粉的颜料,南瓜也闪闪发光,贴上各种颜色的小水钻,女孩子一定会喜欢。
好了这么多南瓜手工和南瓜涂鸦作品,相信足以满足各位老师妈咪对万圣节的需求了,赶快动手做起来吧!
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用南瓜制作创意作品
Ⅷ 复活节的来历,习俗。
复活节的来历
http://ke..com/view/1462.htm
复活节小兔子、彩蛋。
http://xmlpart.blog.163.com/blog/static/1050875202008111982034504/
Ⅸ 复活节的介绍(英文)和图片(最好是卡通的)
ON THE KEEPING OF EASTER.
From the Letter of the Emperor to all those not present at the Council. (Found in Eusebius, Vita Const., Lib. iii., 18-20.)
When the question relative to the sacred festival of Easter arose, it was universally thought that it would be convenient that all should keep the feast on one day; for what could be more beautiful and more desirable, than to see this festival, through which we receive the hope of immortality, celebrated by all with one accord, and in the same manner? It was declared to be particularly unworthy for this, the holiest of all festivals, to follow the custom[the calculation] of the Jews, who had soiled their hands with the most fearful of crimes, and whose minds were blinded. In rejecting their custom,(1) we may transmit to our descendants the legitimate mode of celebrating Easter, which we have observed from the time of the Saviour's Passion to the present day[according to the day of the week]. We ought not, therefore, to have anything in common with the Jews, for the Saviour has shown us another way; our worship follows a more legitimate and more convenient course(the order of the days of the week); and consequently, in unanimously adopting this mode, we desire, dearest brethren, to separate ourselves from the detestable company of the Jews, for it is truly shameful for us to hear them boast that without their direction we could not keep this feast. How can they be in the right, they who, after the death of the Saviour, have no longer been led by reason but by wild violence, as their delusion may urge them? They do not possess the truth in this Easter question; for, in their blindness and repugnance to all improvements, they frequently celebrate two passovers in the same year. We could not imitate those who are openly in error. How, then, could we follow these Jews, who are most certainly blinded by error? for to celebrate the passover twice in one year is totally inadmissible. But even if this were not so, it would still be your ty not to tarnish your soul by communications with such wicked people[the Jews]. Besides, consider well, that in such an important matter, and on a subject of such great solemnity, there ought not to be any division. Our Saviour has left us only one festal day of our redemption, that is to say, of his holy passion, and he desired[to establish] only one Catholic Church. Think, then, how unseemly it is, that on the same day some should be fasting whilst others are seated at a banquet; and that after Easter, some should be rejoicing at feasts, whilst others are still observing a strict fast. For this reason, a Divine Providence wills that this custom should be rectified and regulated in a uniform way; and everyone, I hope, will agree upon this point. As, on the one hand, it is our ty not to have anything in common with the murderers of our Lord; and as, on the other, the custom now followed by the Churches of the West, of the South, and of the North, and by some of those of the East, is the most acceptable, it has appeared good to all; and I have been guarantee for your consent, that you would accept it with joy, as it is followed at Rome, in Africa, in all Italy, Egypt, Spain, Gaul, Britain, Libya, in all Achaia, and in the dioceses of Asia, of Pontus, and Cilicia. You should consider not only that the number of churches in these provinces make a majority, but also that it is right to demand what our reason approves, and that we should have nothing in common with the Jews. To sum up in few words: By the unanimous judgment of all, it has been decided that the most holy festival of Easter should be everywhere celebrated on one and the same day, and it is not seemly that in so holy a thing there should be any division. As this is the state of the case, accept joyfully the divine favour, and this truly divine command; for all which takes place in assemblies of the bishops ought to be regarded as proceeding from the will of God. Make known to your brethren what has been decreed, keep this most holy day according to the prescribed mode; we can thus celebrate this holy Easter day at the same time, if it is granted me, as I desire, to unite myself with you; we can rejoice together, seeing that the divine power has made use of our instrumentality for destroying the evil designs of the devil, and thus causing faith, peace, and unity to flourish amongst us. May God graciously protect you, my beloved brethren.
EXCURSUS ON THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE EASTER QUESTION
. (Hefele: Hist. of the Councils, Vol. I., pp. 328 et seqq.)
The differences in the way of fixing the period of Easter did not indeed disappear after the Council of Nicea. Alexandria and Rome could not agree, either because one of the two Churches neglected to make the calculation for Easter, or because the other considered it inaccurate. It is a fact, proved by the ancient Easter table of the Roman Church, that the cycle of eighty-four years continued to be used at Rome as before. Now this cycle differed in many ways from the Alexandrian, and did not always agree with it about the period for Easter--in fact(a), the Romans used quite another method from the Alexandrians; they calculated from the epact, and began from the feria prima of January.(b.) The Romans were mistaken in placing the full moon a little too soon; whilst the Alexandrians placed it a little too late.(c.) At Rome the equinox was supposed to fall on March 18th; whilst the Alexandrians placed it on March 21st.(d.) Finally, the Romans differed in this from the Greeks also; they did not celebrate Easter the next day when the full moon fell on the Saturday.
Even the year following the Council of Nicea--that is, in 326--as well as in the years 330, 333, 340, 341, 343, the Latins celebrated Easter on a different day from the Alexandrians. In order to put an end to this misunderstanding, the Synod of Sardica in 343, as we learn from the newly discovered festival letters of S. Athanasius, took up again the question of Easter, and brought the two parties(Alexandrians and Romans) to regulate, by means of mutual concessions, a common day for Easter for the next fifty years. This compromise, after a few years, was not observed. The troubles excited by the Arian heresy, and the division which it caused between the East and the West, prevented the decree of Sardica from being put into execution; therefore the Emperor Theodosius the Great, after the re-establishment of peace in the Church, found himself obliged to take fresh steps for obtaining a complete uniformity in the manner of celebrating Easter. In 387, the Romans having kept Easter on March 21st, the Alexandrians did not do so for five weeks later--that is to say, till April 25th--because with the Alexandrians the equinox was not till March 21st. The Emperor Theodosius the Great then asked Theophilus, Bishop of Alexandria for an explanation of the difference. The bishop responded to the Emperor's desire, and drew up a chronological table of the Easter festivals, based upon the principles acknowledged by the Church of Alexandria. Unfortunately, we now possess only the prologue of his work.
Upon an invitation from Rome, S. Ambrose also mentioned the period of this same Easter in 387, in his letter to the bishops of AEmilia, and he sides with the Alexandrian computation. Cyril of Alexandria abridged the paschal table of his uncle Theophilus, and fixed the time for the ninety-five following Easters--that is, from 436 to 531 after Christ. Besides this Cyril showed, in a letter to the Pope, what was defective in the Latin calculation; and this demonstration was taken up again, some time after, by order of the Emperor, by Paschasinus, Bishop of Lilybaeum and Proterius of Alexandria, in a letter written by them to Pope Leo I. In consequence of these communications, Pope Leo often gave the preference to the Alexandrian computation, instead of that of the Church of Rome. At the same time also was generally established, the opinion so little entertained by the ancient authorities of the Church--one might even say, so strongly in contradiction to their teaching--that Christ partook of the passover on the 14th Nisan, that he died on the 15th(not on the 14th, as the ancients considered), that he lay in the grave on the 16th, and rose again on the 17th. In the letter we have just mentioned, Proterius of Alexandria openly admitted all these different points.
Some years afterwards, in 457, Victor of Aquitane, by order of the Roman Archdeacon Hilary, endeavoured to make the Roman and the Alexandrian calculations agree together. It has been conjectured that subsequently Hilary, when Pope, brought Victor's calculation into use, in 456--that is, at the time when the cycle of eighty-four years came to an end. In the latter cycle the new moons were marked more accurately, and the chief differences existing between the Latin and Greek calculations disappeared; so that the Easter of the Latins generally coincided with that of Alexandria, or was only a very little removed from it. In cases when the id fell on a Saturday, Victor did not wish to decide whether Easter should be celebrated the next day, as the Alexandrians did, or should be postponed for a week. He indicates both dates in his table, and leaves the Pope to decide what was to be done in each separate case. Even after Victor's calculations, there still remained great differences in the manner of fixing the celebration of Easter; and it was Dionysius the Less who first completely overcame them, by giving to the Latins a paschal table having as its basis the cycle of nineteen years. This cycle perfectly corresponded to that of Alexandria, and thus established that harmony which had been so long sought in vain. He showed the advantages of his calculation so strongly, that it was admitted by Rome and by the whole of Italy; whilst almost the whole of Gaul remained faithful to Victor's canon, and Great Britain still held the 'cycle of eighty-four years, a little improved by Sulpicius Severus. When the Heptarchy was evangelized by the Roman missionaries, the new converts accepted the calculation of Dionysius, whilst the ancient Churches of Wales held fast their old tradition. From this arose the well-known British dissensions about the celebration of Easter, which were transplanted by Columban into Gaul. In 729, the majority of the ancient British Churches accepted the cycle of nineteen years. It had before been introced into Spain, immediately after the conversion of Reccared. Finally, under Charles the Great, the cycle of nineteen years triumphed over all opposition; and thus the whole of Christendom was united, for the Quartodecimans had graally disappeared.(1)
selected from Henry R. Percival, ed.,The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided Church, Vol XIV of Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers, 2nd series, edd. Philip Schaff and Henry Wace, (repr. Edinburgh: T&T Clark; Grand Rapids MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1988) , pp. 54-56
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Ⅹ 怎样制作手工巧克力
有个师傅给了这张做手工巧力的制作说明,要过年了献了出来,如果你能买到原料可以DAY一指把,春节尝尝自已的作品吧。一、制作巧克力的原料在超市里,我们可以见到各种各样包装精美的巧克力。那么它们都是怎样制作出来的呢?制作巧克力首先要弄清楚原料的品牌和性质。目前国内常见的巧克力原料品牌很多,其中较为纯正、品质较好的有“卡玛”、“瑞士莲”等,它们一般都是2千克一包的。巧克力原料的颜色一般有三种,即黑色、棕色和白色。黑色的巧克力含糖量较低,味道比较苦;棕色的巧克力是牛奶巧克力,口感非常好,深受人们欢迎;白色的巧克力是用可可油与奶和糖混合在一起制成的,并不是严格意义上的巧克力因为没有加入可可粉,但用它添加油性色素,便可以调制出各种颜色的巧克力。二、怎样制作巧克力1怎样融化巧克力要将大块纯正的巧克力原料制作成小块的带馅心的巧克力,需要先将巧克力融化。融化巧克力时既可用微波炉用较低的温度并不时将巧克力取出稍加搅拌,以降低其温度,也可将巧克力装在容器里,蒙上保鲜膜,然后将容器放入热水锅中,用“双煮”的方法将巧克力融化,还可以使用专门的巧克力融化机。融化巧克力的温度一般不超过32℃,温度高了巧克力会吐奶。有人融化巧克力时喜欢将它切得很碎,其实这完全是多余的。将巧克力切得很碎融化时反而容易产生颗粒,因此只需将巧克力切成小块即可。但是须注意,融化巧克力时千万不可沾水。2制作巧克力的温度制作巧克力时一定要掌握好温度。其中“卡玛”、“瑞士莲”等品牌的原料对温度的要求较高,如果温度掌握不好,制作出来的成品会出现缺少光泽、容易吐奶泛白、不易脱模等现象。“卡玛”、“瑞士莲”融化后,待冷却到用嘴唇能感觉到凉的时候,即可用于制作。如果时间紧迫,则可把融化的巧克力倒在干净的大理石或纸上,用抹刀反复搅拌至冷却。“卡玛”、“瑞士莲”适合制作各种口味的巧克力及装饰物。与“卡玛”、“瑞士莲”相比,“鹰牌”、“晶牌”等巧克力原料对温度的要求不高,融化后冷却到温热的时候即可用于制作,且易于脱模、成型坚韧,只是成品的口感稍差一些。“鹰牌”、“晶牌”一般只适合制作装饰物。3巧克力馅心的制作巧克力馅心的基本配方:巧克力1000克 淡奶油500克制作:将淡奶油煮开,离火,将切碎的巧克力倒入淡奶油中,巧克力很快会融化,再将其搅拌均匀,冷却后放入冰箱中冷藏,待其凝固后,取出即成。将巧克力馅心搓成小球,外面再挂一层融化后已冷却到适当温度的纯巧克力,便制成了巧克力糖。DIY手工巧克力制作方法-原木巧克力棒材料配方: 鲜奶油。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。100CC奶油。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。30G牛奶巧克力。。。。。。。。。。。。300G兰姆酒。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。80G调温巧克力。。。。。。。。。。。。。100GDIY手工巧克力制作方法-杏仁巧克力材料配方; 鲜奶油。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。100CC 调温巧克力。。。。。。。1000C奶油。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。30G 烤过的杏仁角。。。。。。2000G牛奶巧克力。。。。。。。。。。。。。300G 兰姆酒。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。40G DIY手工巧克力制作方法-咖啡巧克力球 材料配方;鲜奶油。。。。。。。。。。。。140CC 咖啡粉。。。。。。。。.........10C奶油。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。80G 咖啡酒。。。。。。。。。。......80CC细糖。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。80G 调温巧克力。。。。。。.........1000G细切巧克力。。。。。。。。。。。。。600G基本流程与制作要领:一:首先将准备好的细沙糖、鲜奶油与细切的巧克力,利用间接方法(隔水加热之后才使用)溶解后,加甜酒放置约15分钟之后,再进行搅拌。二:当冷却成糊状之后(在到达可用挤的程度),利用大圆口径,挤在油蜡纸上或胶纸上匀可。三:将挤好的成品,放至于冷藏室5度冷却,约1~2小时(已成稍微硬了),这是可拿出置于工作台上,用手搓圆成行后,再次放置冷藏约半小时(达到有点硬度只程度)备用。四:当全部的馅制作终了,再将巧克力调温调好,放置保温锅(巧克力专用保温锅),保持在32度-33度左右,即可开始将已冷藏搓圆备好的巧克力馅拿出。一个一个来做,用滚圆的动作。 操作方法: 一:将已调温的巧克力、到入巧克力模型内、作淋膜的动作。 二:由上往下,将已淋膜过的巧克力倒出。 三:将馅料加入已经淋膜过的巧克力模型内,作充填馅料的动作。 四:已充填馅料后的模型,再次作负面淋膜。 五:将已做覆面淋膜的模型表面,利用挂刀抹平。 六:最后,将模型表面抹平并修饰,送入冷藏90分钟。 七:经过脱模的巧克力球,放在衬有白纸的盘子上,利用已调温后的巧克力划上线条。咖啡巧克力球 杏仁巧克力 原木巧克力棒用模具制作巧克力的方法除了手工制作以外,巧克力还可以用模具来制作。巧克力模具都是一板一板的,一板一次可制作20多块巧克力。用模具制作的巧克力有各种形状,有圆形的、方形的、心形的、花形的,以及各种动物形状的。 用模具制作巧克力时,先要将模具擦干净,再将融化后冷却到适当温度的巧克力倒入模具中,然后将多余的巧克力倒出并将模具周围的巧克力刮干净,让模具内壁均匀地沾上一层巧克力,形成一个巧克力空壳但未封底。等到模具中的巧克力刚一凝固,迅速将 刚刚冷却但尚未凝固的巧克力馅心注入模具中的巧克力空壳内,随即将模具放入冰箱中冷藏。等到巧克力馅心凝固时,取出模具,用一些巧克力将空壳的底封住,然后再把模具放入冰箱中,等到巧克力脱模巧克力和模具分离,二者之间有空气时,就可以将巧克力 倒出来了。无论用手工还是用模具制作巧克力,都可以在巧克力馅心中加入一些其它东西。如果在馅心中加入果仁,即可制成果仁巧克力;加入朗姆酒,即可制成朗姆酒巧克力。 此外,还可以在馅心中加入焦糖,制成焦糖巧克力;加入板栗茸,制成板栗茸巧克力等等。立体空心巧克力的制作在复活节的时候,人们一般要制作巧克力彩蛋和兔子邦尼;在圣诞节的时候,又要制作巧克力圣诞老人、圣诞钟、靴子和马车等等。而这些巧克力成品都是立体的、空心的。那么,怎样用模具来制作立体和空心的巧克力呢? 先看看这种巧克力模具。制作这种巧克力的模具通常有手掌般大小,由分开的两半组成,有各种各样的形状,使用时将两半合在一起,用铁夹子固定,即形成了一个完整的模具。 制作时先将模具擦干净,将模具的两半合在一起,用铁夹子固定好,再将融化后冷却到适当温度的巧克力倒入模具中灌满,然后将模具翻转过来,将模具中的巧克力倒出,只让模具内壁沾上薄薄的一层巧克力。这时,再用抹刀从外面轻轻敲打模具,一方面使模具内壁 上的巧克力层尽可能地薄一些,另一方面也可以避免成品出现气泡。然后将模具放在网架上,下面用盛器接着,让模具里多余的巧克力流到盛器里。等到模具里的巧克力快干时,用小刀将模具下端溢出来吊着的巧克力刮平。在保证成品不破碎的前提下,这种立体空心 的巧克力还是薄一些的好,当然也不能太薄。因此,如果模具内壁的巧克力层挂得太薄,就需要再挂一次,以免成品破碎。等一切都弄好了,再将模具放入冰箱中冷藏。等到巧克力刚刚脱模时,取出,去掉夹子和模具,即成立体空心巧克力。这里顺便说一下,用巧克力还可以制作各种装饰物,用来装饰蛋糕和甜点,如巧克力片、巧克力网、巧克力树叶、巧克力缎带、巧克力烟卷等。 巧克力的制作是一门精深的艺术,我们很难用三言两语将它说清楚。巧克力的制作发展很快,虽然现在所用的设备已经越来越先进,但仍以手工制作的巧克力为贵。如今,巧克力的口味也发生了很大变化,因为传统口味的巧克力已经过时,而新型的口味,如茶叶味、 香料味、水果味等新款巧克力正在成为流行时尚。但是无论怎样发展和变化,巧克力总是以它精致细腻、充满魅力的特点长期受到人们的喜爱。因此,我们制作甜点的厨师,掌握一些制作巧克力的常识,对今后的工作肯定是有帮助的。精制巧克力制作制造过程非常繁复。可可豆需要经过挑选、烘干、研磨、加热、搅拌、熟成、冷却、灌模,才能形成一方完美黑亮的巧克力。约1公斤的可可豆只能提炼出不到500公克的巧克力精华,而制作过程至少需要经历20几个步骤,一些优质巧克力的制作,光是搅拌可可浆 就可以花上120个小时,整个过程可说是耗时费事。同时,整个制作过程必须在紧密的控温系统(即装有冷气设备的室内)进行,稍微不小心,整锅巧克力就搞砸了。1. 选用一般超级市场都可以买到的巧克力棒,就不用为调温、冷却的复杂过程伤脑筋。DIY巧克力,好玩的地方是你可以根据喜好,添加混合材料。选用了杏仁碎、果仁酱(Praline paste)和草莓,要示范制作Rocher 及如何让草莓穿上西装。2.溶解巧克力时,必须用水烫热,不可以直接煮热。处理巧克力时,要很小心,巧克力完全不能沾水。3.巧克力和果仁酱混合成浆状后,加入杏仁果仁。4.用叉子拌起一部分,放在掌心搓成球状。把搓成球状的巧克力放入冰箱,凝固后再取出,沾上黑巧克力浆后,放入冰箱,凝结了即成。5.手巧的朋友 ,还可以利用水果制作巧克力新造型。选用的水果外层必须完全不沾水分。6.创造草莓西装的造型非常简单。让草莓沾上一层白巧克力浆,放入冰箱凝固后,再沾上黑巧克力浆,放入冰箱待巧克力凝结后,用盛有巧克力浆的卷筒在草莓上加工即成。DIY手工巧克力制作注意事项制作巧克力制造过程非常繁复。可可豆需要经过挑选、烘干、研磨、加热、搅拌、熟成、冷却、灌模,才能形成一方完美黑亮的巧克力。约1公斤的可可豆只能提炼出不到500公克的巧克力精华,而制作过程至少需要经历20几个步骤,一些优质巧克力的制作,光是搅拌可可浆就可以花上120个小时,整个过程可说是耗时费事。同时,整个制作过程必须在紧密的控温系统(即装有冷气设备的室内)进行,稍微不小心,整锅巧克力就搞砸了。1. 选用一般超级市场都可以买到的巧克力棒,就不用为调温、冷却的复杂过程伤脑筋。DIY巧克力,好玩的地方是你可以根据喜好,添加混合材料。选用了杏仁碎、果仁酱(Praline paste)和草莓,要示范制作Rocher 及如何让草莓穿上西装。2.溶解巧克力时,必须用水烫热,不可以直接煮热。处理巧克力时,要很小心,巧克力完全不能沾水。3.巧克力和果仁酱混合成浆状后,加入杏仁果仁。4.用叉子拌起一部分,放在掌心搓成球状。把搓成球状的巧克力放入冰箱,凝固后再取出,沾上黑巧克力浆后,放入冰箱,凝结了即成。5.手巧的朋友 ,还可以利用水果制作巧克力新造型。选用的水果外层必须完全不沾水分。6.创造草莓西装的造型非常简单。让草莓沾上一层白巧克力浆,放入冰箱凝固后,再沾上黑巧克力浆,放入冰箱待巧克力凝结后,用盛有巧克力浆的卷筒在草莓上加工即成。